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2013년 12월 4일 수요일

About 'christian university in california'|...Ben Arnoldy reports in the Monitor. Although it's not...it will be harder for California to get help from private ...Unruh Institute of Politics at the University of Southern California, ...







About 'christian university in california'|...Ben Arnoldy reports in the Monitor. Although it's not...it will be harder for California to get help from private ...Unruh Institute of Politics at the University of Southern California, ...








Definitions               concerning               propriety               in               courtship               and               marriage               vary               throughout               cultures.

During               the               11th               century,               courtly               love               in               France               emphasized               a               dominant               female               role               in               relationships.

Though               the               French               presented               veneers               of               high               moral               character,               they               allowed               adulterous               lusts               to               outweigh               self-control.

Conversely,               those               living               in               medieval               England               adhered               to               the               Christian               ideal               of               husbands               possessing               power               over               wives               in               monogamous               marriages.

Using               accounts               of               relational               perversion               that               the               Wife               of               Bath               and               Clerk               present               in               The               Canterbury               Tales,               Chaucer               argues               that               successful               marriages               create               an               environment               where               men               and               women               experience               harmony.

By               alluding               to               hostile               interactions               of               mythical               gods               in               the               "Wife               of               Bath's               Prologue,"               Chaucer               lays               a               foundation               on               which               he               argues               for               harmony               in               marriage.

Throughout               her               Prologue,               The               Wife               of               Bath               questions               the               Christian               ideal               of               marriage               and               strikes               out               against               pilgrims               who               deny               the               value               of               remarriage               and               sexual               intercourse.

After               bolstering               her               claims               with               Biblical               passages,               the               Wife               employs               a               mythological               analogy.

As               the               Roman               goddess               of               love,               beauty,               and               fertility,               Venus               represents               the               insatiable               sensual               desires               that               drive               humanity.

Although               the               sexual               lusts               Venus               produces               rage               within               people,               the               desires               for               trade,               profit,               and               commerce               that               Mercury               controls               exert               power               as               well.

Unable               to               form               a               peaceful               bond               with               one               another,               Mercury               and               Venus               wage               war               in               the               hearts               and               minds               of               humans.
               As               a               victim               of               the               war               between               Mercury               and               Venus,               the               Wife               of               Bath               experiences               disturbing               instability               in               her               marital               motives.

Although               the               Wife               takes               great               joy               in               sexual               intercourse               with               men,               she               refuses               to               surrender               completely               to               the               forceful               hand               of               Venus.

The               Wife               considers               the               potential               for               monetary               and               societal               advancements               that               a               future               spouse               can               yield               before               entering               a               relationship.

In               a               rare               instance               of               self-analysis,               the               Wife               realizes               the               forces               Mercury               and               Venus               exert               on               her               and               declares,               "And               Venus               falleth               ther               Mercurie               is               reysed"               (705).

In               Chaucer               and               The               Canterbury               Tales,               William               Witherle               Lawrence               notices               the               astrological               confrontation               of               relational               motives.

He               comments,               "Not               without               influence               on               Chaucer               were               the               'physiognomies,'               popular               pseudo-scientific               treatises               linking               mental               characteristics               ...

with               astrology"               (55).

On               three               occasions,               these               forces               cause               the               Wife               to               pursue               the               economic               prosperity               older               men               provide.

When               sexual               desires               consume               her,               the               Wife               is               willing               to               sacrifice               the               wealth               of               older               men               for               intimacy               with               younger               mates.

The               emotional               crossfire               occurring               between               Mercury               and               Venus               causes               the               Wife               to               experience               instable               motivations               for               marriage.
               Chaucer               warns               against               schemes               to               obtain               spousal               supremacy,               the               Wife's               only               constant               motivation               for               relationships,               by               showing               that               these               schemes               rob               the               Wife               of               greater               joys.

Speaking               of               her               methods               to               subdue               the               will               of               her               husbands,               the               Wife               proposes,               "Whoso               that               first               to               mille               comth,               first               grynt;/               I               pleyned               first,               so               oure               were               ystynt"               (389-390).

Knowing               that               a               spouse               who               makes               the               first               effort               to               gain               control               acquires               power,               the               Wife               lashes               out               in               verbal               tirades               against               her               husbands.

The               husbands               appease               the               Wife               by               falsely               admitting               guilt               for               marital               problems               when               they               are               unable               to               bear               her               incessant               nagging.

Achieving               her               goal               of               domination               renders               the               Wife               incapable               of               greater               fulfillment               in               life.

Commenting               on               morality               in               Chaucer's               works,               Helen               Storm               Corsa               insists,               "Mastery               the               Wife               of               Bath               may               want               in               marriage               and               this               she               has               been               able               to               have,               though               at               great               cost,               but               love               and               continuing               youth               ...

have               been               the               imponderable               impossibilities"               (148).

Multiple               marriages               and               constant               discontent               that               come               from               the               Wife's               desire               for               dominance               convey               Chaucer's               opposition               to               relationships               that               place               women               in               roles               of               superiority.
               Before               using               "The               Clerk's               Tale"               to               support               the               Chaucerian               view               of               marital               compromise,               a               negation               of               the               Clerk's               claim               that               the               Tale               possesses               mere               allegorical               power               must               occur.

The               position               of               this               Tale               in               the               "marriage               group"               points               to               its               importance.

In               his               attempt               to               reconcile               the               ideas               proposed               in               the               marriage               group,               Donald               Howard               proposes,               "The               tales               of               Fragments               III,               IV,               and               V...

deal               with               marriage               or               domestic               harmony...

where               the               domestic               realm               is               violated               with               uncivil               shenanigans"               (Howard               247).

After               presenting               a               tale               of               male               dominance               over               a               submissive               wife,               the               Clerk               explains               to               pilgrims               listening               that               his               tale               focuses               on               Christian               perseverance               through               adversity:
               This               storie               is               seyd               nat               for               what               wyves               sholde
               Folwen               Grisilde               as               in               humylitee,
               For               it               were               inportable,               though               they               wolde,
               But               for               that               every               wight,               in               his               degree,
               Sholde               be               constant               in               adversitee.

(Chaucer               142-146)
               If               the               Clerk's               claim               holds               true,               this               account               does               not               support               Chaucer's               motif               of               marital               compromise.

Unwilling               to               allow               the               destructive               actions               Walter               inflicts               on               his               wife               Griselda               to               hide               behind               allegory,               Chaucer               asserts               an               envoy               to               the               Clerk's               tale.

The               death               of               Griselda               stems               from               patient               endurance               under               her               husband's               tyrannical               rule               and               leads               the               Clerk               to               conclude               that               "No               wedded               man               so               hardy               be               t'assaille/               His               wyves               pacience               in               trust               to               fynde/               Grisildis,               for               in               certein               he               shal               faille"               (1180-1182).

Even               though               the               Clerk's               Tale               holds               weight               as               an               encouragement               for               Christian               patience               through               torment,               Chaucer's               envoy               allows               him               to               build               upon               his               tenet               that               harmony               holds               marriages               together.
               Chaucer               develops               his               case               for               marital               harmony               by               detailing               the               failures               Walter               and               Griselda               experience               in               a               relationship               founded               on               male               superiority.

Walter               hesitates               to               submit               when               his               countrymen               encourage               marriage.

Even               though               Walter               takes               pleasure               in               the               power               he               has               as               marquis               of               Saluzzo,               he               agrees               to               marry               upon               hearing               the               citizens               argue               their               need               for               an               heir.

Walter               allows               his               desire               for               autonomy               to               remain,               however,               when               he               forbids               the               people               to               choose               his               bride.

Although               he               claims               Griselda's               physical               and               moral               beauty               motivate               him               to               marry               her,               Walter               never               completely               surrenders               to               love.

Before               marrying               Griselda,               Walter               shows               his               continual               need               for               sovereignty               by               questioning               Griselda's               commitment:
               I               seye               this:               be               ye               redy               with               good               herte
               To               al               my               lust,               and               that               I               frely               may,
               As               me               best               thynketh,               do               yow               laughe               or               smerte,
               And               nevere               ye               to               grucche               it,               nyght               ne               day?

(351-354)
               Griselda's               willingness               to               surrender               to               Walter               creates               a               relational               environment               where               Walter's               desires               for               dominion               grow.

During               the               initial               stages               of               their               marriage,               Walter               and               Griselda               live               in               harmony               while               winning               the               affection               of               their               people               through               promotion               of               the               common               good.

Marital               prosperity               perishes,               however,               when               Walter's               desires               for               autonomy               resurface.
               Unable               to               share               the               admiration               of               his               people               and               the               power               of               his               position               with               Griselda,               Walter               subjects               her               to               devious               trials               in               an               attempt               to               break               her               character.

Although               Walter               claims               he               designed               the               tests               to               discover               Griselda's               true               character,               these               tests               stem               from               his               increasing               need               for               sovereignty               in               marriage.

After               Griselda               gives               birth               to               a               baby               girl,               Walter               tests               her               and               risks               hurting               his               daughter               by               separating               them.

Before               this               separation,               Walter               reminds               Griselda               that               she               submitted               her               will               to               his               wishes               in               all               circumstances.

Upon               facing               Walter's               claim               to               dominance,               Griselda               submits               to               her               husband's               wishes               and               relinquishes               her               baby.

Four               years               pass               peacefully               until               Griselda               conceives               a               boy.

After               the               birth               of               his               son,               Walter's               tyrannical               actions               confirm               that               relationships               fail               when               husbands               have               dominance               over               wives.

Walter's               decision               to               take               his               son               from               Griselda               elicits               a               response               from               the               Clerk:               "But               wedded               men               ne               knowe               no               mesure,/               Whan               that               they               fynde               a               pacient               creature"               (622-623).

The               inhumane               manner               in               which               Walter               treats               Griselda               when               he               has               relational               dominance               confirm               Chaucer's               claim               that               marriages               fail               when               one               spouse               is               supreme.
               Miseries               alone               do               not               substantiate               the               necessity               of               marital               compromise,               so               Chaucer               supplements               "The               Wife's               Tale"               to               demonstrate               how               harmony               in               the               midst               of               trials               leads               to               pleasure.

This               tale               unfolds               to               reveal               the               consequences               a               knight               faces               when               he               rapes               a               maiden-               simultaneously               giving               into               lusts               for               dominance               and               sex.

Instead               of               executing               the               knight               for               his               exploits,               King               Arthur               hands               him               over               to               the               queen.

Unwilling               to               let               the               knight               go               free               for               his               actions,               the               queen               imposes               a               daunting               task:               "I               grante               thee               lyf,               if               thou               kanst               tellen               me/               What               thyng               is               it               that               wommen               moost               desiren"               (904-905).

When               he               asks               many               women               what               they               desire               most,               the               knight               receives               answers               ranging               from               wealth               to               sex.

These               diverse               responses               do               not               help               the               knight               arrive               at               a               definite               answer,               so               he               continues               to               search.

By               the               end               of               this               mission,               the               knight               learns               that               women               desire               sovereignty               and               reaps               the               benefits               that               derive               from               being               in               harmony               with               a               woman's               wishes.
               The               life-saving               answer               the               knight               learns               from               an               old               woman               may               not               appear               to               correlate               with               the               Chaucerian               contention               for               marital               compromise,               but               the               woman's               ensuing               actions               nullify               her               words.

While               standing               before               the               queen               to               present               his               answer               for               what               women               desire,               the               knight               conveys               his               new               understanding               that               women               crave               a               position               of               power               over               men.

Pleased               with               his               answer,               the               queen               sets               the               knight               free.

A               deal               the               knight               made               with               the               old               woman,               however,               returns               him               to               bondage.

Repulsed               by               the               woman's               age,               appearance,               and               poverty,               the               knight               urges               her               to               reconsider               when               she               requests               his               hand               in               marriage.

Desiring               a               relationship               with               the               knight               over               any               earthly               possession,               the               woman               remains               steadfast.

The               knight               surrenders               to               the               old               woman's               will               because               of               his               reluctance               to               break               an               agreement.

With               its               foundation               of               obligation,               this               marriage               brings               immediate               dissatisfaction.

Wise               to               her               husband's               displeasure,               the               woman               presents               arguments               to               convince               the               knight               of               marital               joy.
               Void               of               beauty               and               youth,               the               woman               argues               that               the               temporary               value               of               these               characteristics               cannot               equal               the               worth               of               her               faithfulness.

Stunned               when               the               knight               does               not               engage               with               her               on               their               marriage               bed,               the               woman               questions               her               husband's               unwillingness               to               surrender               sexually.

The               woman               promises               to               amend               her               shortcomings               if               her               husband               divulges               his               reasons               for               displeasure.

Although               he               views               his               wife's               inadequacies               as               permanent               problems,               the               knight               confesses               that               the               woman's               age               and               appearance               produce               his               disgust.

When               she               hears               the               knight's               complaints,               the               woman               immediately               questions               his               source               of               fulfillment:               "Than               drede               you               noght               to               been               a               cokewold;/               For               filthe               and               eelde,               also               moot               I               thee,/               Been               grete               wardeyns               upon               chastitee"               (1214-               1216).

Though               the               woman               desires               her               husband's               unconditional               love               and               respect,               she               allows               him               to               make               a               choice.

The               knight               must               choose               either               to               venture               into               a               new               relationship               with               a               beautiful               maiden               or               to               remain               in               a               marriage               with               an               ugly               woman               of               virtue.
               The               knight's               decision               to               permit               his               virtuous               wife               to               decide               the               fate               of               their               relationship               finalizes               the               case               for               marital               compromise.

Understanding               the               dissatisfaction               that               his               lustful               desires               have               created,               the               knight               chooses               to               heed               his               wife's               wise               counsel               that               women               desire               sovereignty               in               marriage.

Upon               granting               his               wife               the               respect               she               requests,               the               knight               conquers               longings               that               once               obscured               his               view               and               sees               his               wife               in               her               truest               form.

Although               the               woman               transforms               into               a               beautiful               maiden,               her               virtue               remains.

The               woman               knows               that               tyrannical               rule               over               her               husband               will               not               bring               bliss,               so               she               allows               the               knight               to               have               influence               in               the               relationship:               "A               thousand               tyme               a-rewe               he               gan               hire               kisse,/               And               she               obeyed               hym               in               every               thyng/               That               myghte               doon               hym               plesance               or               likyng"               (1254-1256).

Instead               of               creating               an               oppressive               environment               in               their               relationship,               the               woman               and               the               knight               establish               a               unified               companionship               that               produces               joy.
               By               demonstrating               that               benefits               of               marital               harmony               outweigh               pains               of               marital               perversion,               Chaucer               refutes               the               conception               that               marriages               founded               on               dominance               and               submission               bring               satisfaction.

Referencing               George               Lyman               Kittredge's               thesis               concerning               unity               in               the               marriage               group,               Donald               Howard               reveals               the               importance               of               this               section               in               The               Canterbury               Tales:
               Kittredge's               premise               was               that               the               "marriage               group"               ended               with...a               compromise               between               courtly               love               and               Christian               marriage               as               a               way               of               establishing               domestic               concord,               and               that               the               solution               was               'what               Chaucer               thought               about               marriage.

(247)
               Even               when               a               person               acknowledges               the               devastation               of               relational               tyranny,               sacrificing               selfish               motives               for               the               maintenance               of               a               healthy               marriage               presents               challenges.

Chaucer               clarifies               that               in               order               to               attain               satisfaction,               spouses               must               endure               the               pain               of               putting               aside               destructive               desires               and               pursue               compromises               that               create               contentment.
               Works               Cited
               Chaucer,               Geoffrey.

"               The               Canterbury               Tales."               The               Riverside               Chaucer               Third               Edition.

Ed.

Larry               D.

Benson.

Boston:               Houghton               Mifflin               Company,               1987,               105-122,               138-153.
               Corsa,               Helen               Storm.

Chaucer:               Poet               of               Mirth               and               Morality.

Indiana:               Notre               Dame               Press,               1964.
               Howard,               Donald               R.

The               Idea               of               the               Canterbury               Tales.

England:               University               of               California               Press,               1976.
               Lawrence,               William               Witherle.

Chaucer               and               the               Canterbury               Tales.

New               York:               Columbia               University               Press,               1950.






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