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2013년 11월 24일 일요일

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The               World               War               II               exploits               of               the               10th               Mountain               Division               of               the               U.S.

Army               are               well               documented               and               legendary.

This               is               not               however               the               conventional               war               story               that               has               been               told               many               times               over.

It               is               a               unique               tale               of               like-minded               men               who               were               brought               together               for               a               specific               purpose,               and               who,               in               finding               their               love               of               outdoor               sport               enhanced               by               their               war-time               experience,               were               at               the               forefront               in               popularizing               skiing               and               other               outdoor               sports               in               post-war               America.

In               the               late               1930's               rock               climbing               and               skiing               were               relatively               new               sports               in               the               U.S.

When               and               if               America               entered               into               war               on               the               European               continent,               it               was               felt               there               was               a               need               for               men               who               could               handle               extremely               cold               and               mountainous               conditions               and               so               the               idea               of               an               elite               alpine               fighting               force               was               born.

The               Tenth               was               the               sole               U.S.

Army               division               trained               on               snow               and               rock               and               the               only               one               ever               to               have               grown               out               of               a               sport               -               (mountaineering               and               skiing).

Dubbed               the               "ski               troops"               by               the               press,               and               popularized               in               magazines               such               as               Life,               the               10th               Mountain               Division               remains               the               only               military               division               recruited               by               a               civilian               organization,               the               National               Ski               Patrol               System.

The               division               had               a               huge               percentage               of               professional               and               amateur               athletes,               college               scholars,               and               potential               officer               candidates,               and               as               the               last               U.S.

division               to               enter               the               war               in               Europe,               it               suffered               the               highest               number               of               casualties               per               combat               day.
               These               athlete-veterans               tapped               into               broad               demographic               and               economic               changes               affecting               Americans,               and               profoundly               shaped               the               American               outdoor               experience               in               the               decades               following               World               War               II.

Through               hard               work               and               force               of               character,               they               created               what               we               know               as               the               "ski               industry"               and               founded               the               first               American               destination               ski               resorts.
               The               Pre-War               European               Connection
               The               popularization               of               alpine               skiing               in               the               United               States               was               mostly               propelled               by               events               in               Europe               and               their               subsequent               export               to               the               States.

The               German               ski               and               mountain               films               of               Dr.

Arnold               Fanck               and               his               action               star,               Hannes               Schneider,               were               the               first               to               influence               American               skiers.

The               films               played               in               America               starting               in               the               early               1920's               and               ran               right               up               to               the               war.[1]
               European               skiers               had               come               to               the               United               States               much               earlier.

In               the               1800's               skiing               existed               in               the               Rockies               with               snowshoeing               and               the               long               boards               with               one               pusher               pole               as               the               only               way               to               get               around               in               the               winters.

Norwegian               and               Danish               immigrants               were               thick               on               the               ground               in               the               Mid-West               too.

These               early               pioneers               were               highly               proficient               at               a               form               of               skiing               that               we               would               now               recognize               as               Nordic               in               practice               (or               more               accurately               mountaineering)               and               reveled               in               the               jumping               sports               as               well.

Skiing               had               emerged               as               the               national               sport               in               Norway               and               was               part               of               a               broader               nation-building               process               stressing               a               unique               cultural               agenda               that               was               picked               up               and               amplified               by               other               nations.[2]
               The               Norwegian               national               sports               ideology               held               that               sport               should               be               much               more               than               a               pastime.

It               should               serve               the               fatherland               and               strengthen               its               defense               by               making               better               soldiers               and               improving               public               health.

This               ideology               was               expressed               as               a               principle               that               involved               strength,               toughness,               and               moral               development.

This               romantic,               patriotic               idea               of               skiing               became               an               essential               part               of               Norwegian               identity               (after               the               split               with               Sweden)               and               other               nations               particularly               Finland,               Germany,               Austria               and               Switzerland               adopted               many               of               its               tenets.[3]               Those               social               ideals               were               not               generally               accepted               in               the               U.S.,               where               the               strong,               silent               individual               pioneer               was               revered               for               his               inner               determination               and               perseverance.

However,               alpine               skiing               and               mountaineering               as               it               was               primarily               practiced               in               the               North               East               and               the               Western               mountain               ranges               by               a               small               and               generally               elite               crowd               did               borrow               equipment               and               technique               if               not               cultural               enrichment               from               their               European               counterparts.
               In               1931               a               Boston               ski               club               organized               the               first               Ski               Train               up               to               New               Hampshire.

The               idea               took               off               and               soon               a               number               of               Northeastern               railroads               were               running               special               trains               to               the               few               rudimentary               ski               slopes               then               in               existence.
               The               first               three               Winter               Olympic               Games               were               rather               limited               by               today's               standards.

Number               one               was               held               at               Chamonix,               France               in               1924               and               1928's               games               were               at               St.

Moritz,               Switzerland.

The               1932               Winter               Olympics               were               held               in               America               at               Lake               Placid,               New               York               and               that               event               signaled               the               initial               spark               of               the               modern               era               of               skiing               in               the               United               States.

Governor               Franklin               D.

Roosevelt               opened               the               games               on               February               4th,               with               252               athletes               competing               from               17               countries.

The               U.S.

won               the               most               total               medals               with               12,               followed               by               Norway               and               Canada.

Only               four               Nordic               events               were               contested,               including               cross-country,               ski               jumping               and               a               combined               event.

No               alpine               skiing               events               were               competed               and               the               sport               was               still               not               ready               for               prime               time.
               The               nascent               alpine               sports               saw               their               coming               of               age               tested               in               the               first               "modern"               Winter               Olympics               in               1936,               held               in               Germany.

The               Olympics               at               Garmisch-Partenkirchen,               was               the               pre-war               skiing               event.

"It               had               Adolf               Hitler,               it               had               the               first               nationwide               Olympic               effort               and               the               first               huge               central               Olympic               ski               stadium.

It               had               the               first               Olympic               alpine               races,               and               the               first               Olympic               women's               ski               races.

There               was               worldwide               media               coverage               in               press               and               film.

The               Fourth               Winter               Olympics               was               an               international               spectacle".[4]
               This               was               truly               the               first               time               that               skiing               caught               and               held               the               attention               of               a               broad               section               of               Americans.

The               alpine               racing               events               came               across               in               the               media               as               especially               dramatic,               and               the               fact               that               Hitler               was               showcasing               Nazi               Germany               through               sport               meant               that               the               buildings               and               venues               were               first               class.

The               U.S.

men's               team               represented               the               very               first               generation               of               American               alpine               competitors,               mostly               arising               in               the               previous               half-dozen               years               from               intercollegiate               and               inter-club               competition.

Alpine               competitions               themselves               had               been               sparse               at               best.

There               had               been               three               national               downhill               championships               beginning               in               1933               and               the               first               national               slalom               had               been               held               less               than               a               year               before               the               Olympics.

Alpine               skiing               was               a               brand               new               sport               in               the               U.S.[5]
               The               International               Olympic               Committee               clung               to               the               ideals               of               amateurism               for               most               of               the               20th               century.

Back               at               the               1936               games               the               IOC               overruled               the               International               Ski               Federation               and               declared               that               ski               instructors               were               professionals-and               therefore               banned               from               the               games.

To               protest               the               decision,               Austrian               and               Swiss               skiers               boycotted               the               event.
               Predictably,               the               other               European               teams               ran               away               with               the               competition,               but               the               seeds               had               been               sown               in               America.

The               Winter               Games               had               for               the               first               time               been               solidly               established               as               an               international               celebration               of               the               sport,               and               a               highly               popular               one               as               well.

Ironically,               the               immediate               aftermath               of               the               hugely               successful               Garmisch               Olympics               was               a               twelve-year               war-enforced               hiatus               until               St.

Moritz               in               1948.
               In               January               1934               the               first               rope               tow               in               the               United               States               was               built               in               Woodstock,               Vermont.

Funded               by               Robert               and               Elizabeth               Royce,               the               owners               of               the               White               Cupboard               Inn,               a               local               inventor               named               David               Dodd               managed               to               copy               an               obscure               Canadian               contraption.

For               five               hundred               dollars               a               rope               tow               was               up               and               running               just               a               few               weeks               later               on               a               hillside               pasture               on               Clinton               Gilbert's               nearby               farm.

The               tow               was               modest:               it               had               1,800               feet               of               continuous               rope               which               wound               its               way               through               a               series               of               pulleys               and               was               powered               by               an               old               Ford               Model               "T"               engine.[6]               But               as               modest               as               Woodstock's               rope               tow               was,               many               have               pointed               to               its               opening               as               the               birth               of               modern               skiing.

There               can               be               no               doubt               that               rope               tows               helped               to               popularize               Depression               skiing               by               taking               much               of               the               drudgery               out               of               the               experience.
               In               1936,               Life               magazine               pictured               a               skier               at               the               Union               Pacific               Railroad's               new               Sun               Valley               Resort               in               Idaho.

It               was               the               first               alpine               skier               on               the               cover               of               an               American               magazine,               and               Life               reported               that               despite               the               Depression,               alpine               skiing               was               a               "national               mania"               and               opined               that               "winter               sports               have               ceased               to               be               a               patrician               fad               and               have               become               instead               a               national               pastime".[7]Life               exaggerated.

Skiing               equipment               was               hard               to               find,               and               although               there               is               confusion               on               the               number               of               rope               tows               in               existence               in               North               America               it               certainly               was               no               more               than               two               hundred               combined               with               a               handful               of               other               types               of               lifts               both               rudimentary               and               cutting-edge.

So               while               most               people               were               too               busy               trying               to               make               ends               meet,               there               was               a               very               motivated               minority               who               were               pushing               the               infant               sport               forward.

What               impressed               the               press               was               the               glamour               and               mystique               of               the               foreign               ski               instructors               coming               to               the               States               and               going               to               the               very               few               high-profile               areas               such               as               Sun               Valley,               and               Stowe.

These               masters               generally               came               from               the               Arlberg               School               in               Austria,               where               in               the               1920's               Hannes               Schnieder               perfected               the               snow               plow,               stem-turn               and               christiana               as               the               three-step               "Arlberg"               teaching               method.

In               1938               Schnieder               escaped               the               Nazis               and               the               Anschluss               and               landed               in               Conway,               NH               at               Mt.

Cranmore,               which               had               some               unique               uphill               transportation,               the               kiddie-car-like               Skimobile               which               was               installed               in               1938               and               ran,               winter               and               summer,               for               fifty-two               years.

Skiers               happily               rode               the               Skimobile               and               took               lessons               from               Hannes'               instructors.Another               popular               New               England               area               that               led               the               way               technologically               before               the               war               was               Cannon               Mountain               in               Franconia,               NH,               which               opened               North               America's               first               aerial               tram               to               skiers               in               1939.

By               the               time               it               was               replaced               on               May               24,               1980,               it               had               carried               6,581,338               people.[8]
               C.

Minot               "Minnie"               Dole,               the               founder               of               the               National               Ski               Patrol               System               (and               the               10th               Mountain               Division),               in               his               book               Adventures               in               Skiing               described               an               impromptu               meeting               held               in               the               tiny               lodge               at               Bromley               Mountain               ski               area               in               Vermont               in               February               of               1940               as               the               start               of               the               effort               to               convince               Washington               to               train               American               troops               to               fight               in               winter               conditions.

"Looking               back,               each               member               of               the               quartet               could               legitimately               be               called               a               founding               father               of               the               new               sport               of               skiing               in               America...first               was               National               Ski               Association               president               Rodger               Langley,               who               held               the               first               alpine               competitions               in               1933;               next               was               Harvard               graduate               Robert               Livermore,               who               had               raced               on               the               Olympic               team               in               1936;               beside               him               was               Alex               Bright,               an               influential               leader               of               the               Boston               Ski               Club,               and               finally               Minnie               Dole               himself."[9]
               The               talk               turned               to               the               Russo-Finnish               War.

In               November               of               1939,               the               Russians               invaded               Finland               with               70               divisions               and               a               thousand               tanks.

The               tiny               Finnish               Army               however,               was               proving               very               hard               to               beat               due               to               winter               conditions               bogging               down               the               Russian               mechanized               divisions               and               a               Finnish               offensive               using               highly               trained               ski               troops.

It               was               a               classic               underdog               tale,               and               the               Finns               held               out               for               three               months,               until               weight               of               numbers               and               spring               forced               them               to               submit.

The               Russians               lost               50,000               dead               and               suffered               an               immense               loss               of               international               prestige.

Minnie               wrote               later               that               the               Finnish               resistance               was               a               "perfect               example               of               men               fighting               in               an               environment               for               which               they               were               entirely               at               home               and               for               which               they               were               trained".[10]               It               was               brought               up               that               America               had               nothing               to               counter               Hitler's               famed               mountain               troops               -               the               "Jaeger"               battalions.

"That               very               day               the               men               at               that               table               decided               to               write               the               War               Department               and               offer               their               services."[11]
               The               10th               Mountain               Division
               Fully               realizing               that               future               battles               could               very               well               have               to               be               fought               in               winter               conditions,               Dole               began               a               campaign               of               pestering               President               Franklin               D.

Roosevelt               and               Army               Chief               of               Staff               General               George               C.

Marshall               to               form               mountain               divisions.

"He               met               a               wall               of               indifference               and               opposition               at               the               War               Department               but               gamely               persisted."               Although               still               not               convinced               that               such               troops               were               really               needed,               "Marshall               finally               authorized               the               planning               for               the               creation               of               three               mountain               divisions;               [12]
               The               National               Ski               Patrol               System               was               the               only               nation-wide               skiing               organization               at               the               time               and               therefore               was               picked               to               help               recruit               the               new               ski               troops               as               the               Army               had               no               real               knowledge               of               the               actors               in               the               sports               of               climbing               and               skiing.

Dole               contacted               every               ski               resort               and               ski               school               as               well               as               college               ski               coaches,               and               was               able               to               get               more               than               enough               initial               applications               for               the               all-volunteer               outfit.

Expert               skiers               from               around               the               country               including               many               of               the               best               European               skiers               fleeing               the               Nazis               signed               up.

But               the               elite               nature               of               the               core               units               of               the               Tenth               (and               its               subsequent               strength               in               battle)               came               from               a               very               selective               process.

The               demographics               of               early               skiing               in               America               were               sharply               outlined               through               the               acceptance               of               volunteers               for               the               Tenth.

"Skiing               was               primarily               a               sport               for               the               well-off               (in               those               Depression               days,               lift               tickets               could               cost               as               much               as               three               dollars               a               day!),               many               of               the               applicants               came               from               Ivy               League               colleges.

As               a               result,               the               10th               had               a               higher               proportion               of               high-school               graduates               and               college-educated               young               men               than               any               other               American               division."[13]
               The               unit               also               needed               mountain               climbers,               outdoor               guides,               and               lumberjacks               -               men               accustomed               to               living               and               surviving               in               the               wilderness.

Also               required               were               cowboys,               mule               skinners,               and               veterinarians,               for               the               division               would               have               thousands               of               pack               mules               and               horses               at               a               time               when               the               Army               had               all               but               phased               out               animals.

The               National               Ski               Patrol               recruiters               encouraged               all               outdoorsmen               to               volunteer,               and               they               ended               up               attracting               Forest               Service               and               Park               Service               rangers,               trappers,               hunting               guides,               and               ranchers               as               well               as               skiers.
               Charley               McLean,               a               racer               from               Dartmouth               College               was               the               first               soldier               to               report.

On               his               heels               was               Swiss               world               champion               Walter               Prager,               who               had               been               coaching               skiing               at               Dartmouth.

Four               of               the               eight               men               on               the               '36               Olympic               team               were               his               boys.

The               Tenth               collected               some               of               the               most               famous               skiers               and               mountain               men               from               America,               and               more               than               a               few               from               Europe.

Hannes               Schneider,               Friedl               Pfeifer               (an               Austrian               Sun               Valley               instructor),               Herbert               Schneider,               and               Arthur               Douchette               all               had               come               from               Europe               to               coach               college               teams               or               instruct               skiing,               and               ended               up               getting               American               citizenship               so               they               could               fight               with               the               Tenth.

Famous               mountaineers               besides               Prager               and               Pfeifer               included               Paul               Petzoldt               who               had               been               first               to               climb               the               second-highest               peak               in               the               world,               K-2,               and               David               Brower,               who               had               first               ascents               of               a               number               of               Western               U.S.

peaks.

Famous               competitors               included               Pfeifer,               who               had               won               the               Arlberg-Kandahar               downhill,               Herbert               Klein               of               Sugar               Bowl,               California,               Andy               Ranson               and               Fritz               Kramer               of               Stowe,               Vermont,               and               Johnny               Litchfield,               Percy               Rideout,               and               Florian               Haemmerle               of               Sun               Valley,               Idaho.

Torger               Tokle               was               arguably               the               most               famous               of               all:               the               Norwegian               émigré               was               the               reigning               world               ski-jumping               record               holder.[14]               But               the               sporting               elite               were               not               just               outdoorsmen.

Bob               Pastor,               who               fought               Joe               Lewis               twice               to               over               ten               rounds               in               his               heavy-weight               boxing               career,               was               just               one               of               many               who               volunteered.
               Yet               after               the               initial               rush,               recruitment               slowed.

Of               all               places,               help               came               from               Hollywood.

Winter               Carnival               was               the               first               American               alpine               ski               movie               appearing               in               1939.

Starring               Ann               Sheridan,               it               was               loosely               based               on               the               Annual               Dartmouth               Winter               Carnival.

The               genre               sputtered               forward               until               1941,               when               Darryl               Zanuck,               a               skier               and               the               head               of               Twentieth               Century               Fox,               decided               to               do               a               film               on               the               latest               ski               techniques               so               that               ski               troops               would               have               a               basic               idea               of               the               sport               from               which               to               gauge               their               interest.

While               it               was               not               sponsored               by               the               Signal               Corps,               the               Army               lent               some               of               the               best               skiers               in               the               world               (including               Walter               Präger)               to               Otto               Lang,               the               ski               school               director               at               Sun               Valley               for               filming               the               twenty-minute               short.

The               Basic               Principles               of               Skiing               starred               an               unknown               Alan               Ladd               as               a               new               recruit               in               the               ski               troopers.[15]               It               was               a               beautifully               filmed               piece               with               amazing               skiing               and               was               seen               around               the               country.

The               media               love               affair               with               the               Tenth               was               further               enhanced.

More               films               followed               and               helped               to               secure               the               (perhaps               fanciful               and               misleading)               mystique               of               the               ski               troops               popularizing               the               sport               with               a               much               broader               audience.[16]
               While               the               original               volunteers               comprising               the               87th               Mountain               Infantry               Regiment               lived               at               Fort               Lewis               and               trained               (with               much               media               fanfare)               at               nearby               Mount               Rainier,               in               Washington               State,               a               new               home               was               being               constructed               for               the               ski               troops               in               an               isolated,               alpine               valley               9,480               feet               above               sea               level               in               the               Colorado               Rockies               west               of               Denver.

In               the               span               of               just               ten               months,               a               permanent               camp,               known               as               Camp               Hale,               (or               alternately:               "Hell")               housing               nearly               15,000               men               and               5,000               animals               (primarily               mules)               had               sprung               up.[17]               A               new               regiment,               the               86th,               had               also               been               formed               from               raw               recruits               and               in               January               1943,               training               began               in               earnest:               skiing               in               winter               and               mountain               climbing               in               summer.
               For               the               uninitiated               recruits               it               was               anything               but               fun.

Construction               was               not               finished               when               troops               moved               in               during               November,               mud               claimed               vehicle               after               vehicle,               and               pollution               from               the               frequent               trains               stayed               trapped               above               the               base,               producing               a               nasty               hacking               cough               in               hundreds               of               soldiers.[18]               Camp               Hale's               altitude               also               proved               troublesome               to               the               soldiers,               making               exercises               and               maneuvers               more               difficult               than               usual.

Many               soldiers               were               hospitalized               for               frostbite               and               exhaustion               during               their               1943               winter               tactical               exercises.

The               training               was               very               difficult,               particularly               for               recruits               in               the               86th               and               replacements               in               the               87th               precisely               because               part               of               their               training               was               learning               to               ski.

To               that               end,               the               longest               T-bar               in               the               world               at               the               time               was               engineered               by               the               Tenth               and               built               atop               Tennessee               Pass               on               Cooper               Hill               (still               a               publicly-owned               ski               area:               Ski               Cooper).

Love               of               the               outdoors               amongst               these               men               was               not               universal.

Bob               Ellis               in               See               Naples               and               Die               had               a               very               different               view               of               the               Tenth:               "I               came               to               believe               that               some               guys               were               unhinged,               if               not               certifiably               demented,               who,               after               climbing               impossible               slopes               all               week               with               90-pound               rucksacks               as               well               as               weapons,               would               go               hiking               in               the               same               mountains               on               weekends."[19]
               Two               important               by-products               of               the               very               long               training               were               to               directly               impact               skiing               in               America               after               the               war.

The               first               was               the               love               of               the               outdoors               instilled               in               many               of               the               men               (and               particularly               love               of               Colorado)               and               the               camaraderie               instilled               by               mountaineering.

"While               skiing               was               essentially               an               individual               sport,               climbing               was               fundamentally               cooperative."[20]               One               man               belaying               a               rope               held               another               man's               life               in               his               hands.

The               uniqueness               of               the               training               replaced               individual               goals               with               a               visceral               loyalty               to               each               other               which               became               the               real               strength               of               the               Tenth.

The               least               quantifiable               aspect               of               the               training               was               the               love               of               the               outdoors               that               was               instilled               in               so               many               of               the               soldiers               who               up               to               the               point               of               arriving               in               Colorado               had               no               experience               of               it.

The               original               members               already               had               it,               but               multiple               diaries               and               letters               as               well               as               other               published               and               unpublished               accounts               make               it               plain               that               there               were               at               least               hundreds               of               converts               to               the               outdoor               life.
               The               second               by-product               of               the               Tenth's               training               was               the               huge               advancement               made               in               the               development               of               both               skiing               and               mountaineering               gear.

The               Tenth               was               responsible               for               the               development               of               all               of               the               specifications               for               this               gear               ordered               by               the               Quartermaster               General's               office.[21]               Before               World               War               II,               the               number               of               skiers               in               the               country               who               could               "live               out               of               their               packs               for               many               days               on               expeditions               into               rough               country,               in               all               kinds               of               weather"               probably               numbered               only               a               few               hundred.[22]               Equipment               suitable               for               genuinely               rough               use               was               simply               not               available               in               any               kind               of               numbers.

The               Mountain               and               Winter               Warfare               Board               was               formed,               and               through               the               Tenth's               equipment               wing,               a               new               Dupont               nylon               rope               was               developed               that               revolutionized               mountaineering,               and               skiing               equipment               technology               advanced               quickly               as               well.[23]               Another               amazing               development               was               the               "Weasel"               the               world's               first               snow               cat,               which               was               designed               for               snowy               alpine               maneuvers.

A               box-like               car               sat               on               large               tank-like               tracks.

But               "they               were               dangerously               top-heavy,               and               dozens               of               soldiers               were               injured               when               the               cats               turned               over               without               warning".[24]               These               advancements               in               gear               combined               with               huge               inexpensive               post-war               materiel               surpluses               (brought               on               by               over-ordering               by               the               Quartermaster               General's               Office)               were               later               to               help               jump-start               skiing               in               America.
               The               War               Years
               No               European-based               U.S.

general               wanted               the               10th.

It               had               huge               problems               with               logistics               as               it               was               laden               with               animal-based               transport               and               tons               of               "extra"               gear.

They               were               too               late               to               be               effective               in               Alaska,               where               elements               were               sent               in               to               deter               Japanese               landings.

Finally,               late               in               the               war               the               10th               got               their               chance.

In               the               stalemated               fight               in               Italy,               the               Tenth               climbed               up               the               "impenetrable"               Riva               Ridge               in               darkness               with               no               artillery               support               and               subsequently               annihilated               the               elite               German               mountain               troops               holding               the               heights               of               Mt.

Belvedere               in               the               Appennines.
               It               was               probably               the               high               point               of               the               war               for               the               Tenth,               both               for               press               coverage               and               for               confirmation               that               the               training               would               indeed               come               in               handy               to               the               war               effort.

After               spearheading               the               attack               against               the               Germans               all               the               way               to               the               river               Po               in               the               spring               of               1945,               General               Mark               Clark               called               the               Tenth               the               greatest               unit               ever               to               fight               in               Italy.

British               Field               Marshall               Montgomery               had               this               to               say:               "The               only               trouble               with               the               10th               Mountain               Division               was               that               the               officers               and               men               did               not               realize               that               they               were               attempting               something               that               couldn't               be               done,               and               after               they               started               they               had               too               much               intestinal               fortitude               to               quit.

The               result               was               that               they               accomplished               the               impossible."[25]
               In               his               excellent               diary               of               events               during               the               war               with               the               Tenth,               Harris               Dusenbury               recounted               what               America               already               knew               after               the               war:               the               10th               were               heroic               and               victorious:               "Our               hearts               went               out               to               the               992               that               died.

We               faced               enemy               artillery,               mortar               fire,               small               arms               fire               and               crossed               fields               with               mines               in               the               thousands.

We               advanced               with               stealth               and               with               verve               and               daring.

We               lost               only               twelve               as               prisoners               but               our               wounded               numbered               3,849.

The               10th               Division's               casualties               were               a               significant               part               of               all               of               the               casualties               of               the               Fifth               Army               during               the               114               days               we               were               engaged               at               the               front               in               Italy.

We               took               the               high               ground               and               we               always               held               it."[26]
               The               "best               and               the               brightest"               took               it               on               the               chin.

"If               a               division               was               in               action               for               three               or               more               months               the               probability               was               that               every               one               of               its               second               lieutenants,               all               132               of               them,               would               be               killed               or               wounded".[27]               Of               the               19,734               men               who               served               in               the               10th               Mountain               Division               in               Italy,               including               5,500               replacements,               twenty               five               percent               became               casualties.

Of               these,               twenty               percent               were               wounded               and               five               percent               killed.

This               was               the               highest               average               casualty               rate               in               the               Italian               campaign.[28]
               Senator               and               presidential               candidate               Bob               Dole               (no               relation               to               Minnie)               would               be               one               of               those               grievously               wounded               lieutenants               who               were               carefully               weeded               out               by               the               German               snipers               and               artillery.

On               April               15th               1945,               Dole,               a               replacement,               was               ordered               to               lead               an               ambush               patrol               outside               of               Castellano               and               was               mauled               by               mortar               rounds:               permanently               disabling               his               shoulder               and               arm.

World-renowned               ski               jumper               Torger               Tokel               died               in               the               same               offensive.
               Germany               surrendered               on               May               8th               1945.

Tired               and               suffering               heavy               losses,               the               Tenth               celebrated               war's               end               on               June               3rd,               with               what               seemed               uniquely               appropriate               for               them:               they               organized               a               ski               race               on               the               remaining               spring               snows               on               Mt.

Mangart,               where               the               borders               of               Italy,               Austria,               and               Yugoslavia               come               together.

The               fastest               was               Walter               Prager,               the               former               Dartmouth               coach.

"It               seemed               a               fitting               way               not               only               to               end               a               war               but               to               begin               a               new               world".[29]
               Post-War               Entrepreneurs
               The               G.I.

Bill,               federal               public               spending               and               a               generally               fast-moving               economy               due               to               America's               role               as               world               banker               and               manufacturer               of               all               things,               created               an               economic               scenario               for               people               to               pursue               leisure               activities               to               a               greater               extent               than               ever               before.

People               had               more               money               after               World               War               II               than               ever               before.

As               incomes               rose               Americans               aggressively               entered               the               consumer               culture               and               never               looked               back.

Millions               of               car               purchases               created               additional               mobility.

"By               1950,               daily,               weekend,               and               vacation               leisure               hours               constituted               over               34%               of               Americans'               waking               lives,               and               in               1959               each               American               took               over               one               week               of               paid               vacation."[30]
               On               the               home               front,               skiing               had               continued               to               exist,               but               very               much               under               the               radar.

"Skiing               might               well               have               died               out               if               not               for               the               concentration               of               skiers               in               the               Tenth..."               The               remaining               skiers               in               the               Division               "...assured               continuity,               providing               much               of               the               manpower               for               the               expansion               [of               skiing]               in               the               next               two               decades".[31]               The               love               of               the               outdoors               and               skiing               in               particular               dominated               many               of               the               survivor's               lives               and               helped               push               for               the               development               of               skiing               into               a               big               name               sport.

Tenth               veterans               were               at               the               forefront               of               making               skiing               an               outdoor               destination               "vacation"               industry               after               World               War               II.

They               designed               and               built               ski               areas,               ski               lodges,               ski               lifts               and               improved               ski               equipment.

They               started               ski               magazines               and               opened               ski               schools.
               The               emerging               ski               industry               had               a               lot               of               economic               and               demographic               help               in               its               rise               to               become               a               national               sport.

It               must               be               noted               that               at               the               same               time               there               was               a               corresponding               deluge               of               cheap               surplus               equipment               which               allowed               thousands               of               Americans               to               get               the               highest               quality               set-up               available               in               the               world               at               the               time,               for               approximately               $25               to               $75.[32]               In               The               Ski               Troops,               author               Hal               Burton               estimated               that               100,000               pairs               of               skis               and               ski-mountain               boots,               close               to               150,000               pairs               of               mountain               pants               and               parkas,               hundreds               of               thousands               of               pitons               and               more               than               a               hundred               other               items               including               ice               axes,               steel-framed               rucksacks,               gas               stoves               and               nylon               tents               were               produced               for               the               mountain               troops.[33]
               It               cannot               be               overstated               that               availability               of               inexpensive,               high-quality               ski               and               mountaineering               gear               was               a               major               factor               in               the               dramatic               rise               of               outdoor               sports               in               the               post-war               decade.

The               subsequent               rapid               advances               in               skiing               technology               (spurred               on               by               increasing               participation               in               the               sport,               creating               markets               for               new               ideas)               made               skiing               easier               and               easier               and               had               a               huge               effect:               a               continuation               of               the               boom               in               skiers.


               Business               and               Pleasure
               Friedl               Pfeifer               expanded               the               ski               resort               at               Aspen               and               later               Peter               Seibert               founded               its               closest               rival,               Vail,               the               two               giant               resorts               of               the               era.

In               all,               some               62               resorts               were               either               founded               by,               directed               by               or               had               ski               schools               run               by               10th               Mountain               veterans;               two               thousand               of               them               had               gone               into               the               ranks               of               ski               instructors               or               patrolmen.[34]               "This               infusion               paralleled               the               emergence               of               an               American               public               with               fast-growing               income,               swelling               the               ranks               of               U.S.

skiers               and               setting               off               an               amazing               burst               of               American               invention".[35]
               Many               members               of               the               Tenth               returned               to               Colorado               and               supplied               the               energy               behind               the               post-war               skiing               boom.

The               Tenth               created               a               critical               mass               of               men               who               wanted               to               start               up               skiing               as               a               business               so               they               could               keep               skiing,               live               in               the               mountains,               and               earn               some               money               in               the               process.

A               1949               article               in               TheDenver               Post               reported               that:               "Much               of               the               new               skiing               enthusiasm               in               Colorado               is               a               direct               result               of               the               U.S.

Army's               Tenth               Mountain               Division               which               trained               at               Camp               Hale               near               Leadville.

Ex-tenth               mountaineers               are               bobbing               up               all               over               the               continental               divide.

Some               are               aiding               the               noble               efforts               of               the               National               Ski               Patrol.

Some               are               instructing.

Others               have               installed               ski               tows               and               opened               new               areas.

All               these               Cooper-hill               protégés               are               Colorado               and               winter-sports               boosters               and               many               have               shifted               year-around               residences               to               the               mile-high               state."[36]
               Credit               can               be               laid               at               the               feet               of               the               men               of               the               Tenth               for               combining               business               with               pleasure.

Before               the               war               ski               areas               were               essentially               focused               on               local               ski               clubs               or               a               relatively               small               up-scale               clientele.

The               emphasis               in               the               post-war               economic               marketplace               was               garnering               broad               demographic               trends               for               profit.

What               is               now               known               as               the               ski               industry               was               a               direct               offshoot               of               seeking               as               much               business               as               possible               in               the               chosen               sport:               alpine               skiing.

Ski               areas               became               corporate               entities               serving               the               needs               of               the               post-war               consumer               culture               and               the               nation-wide               growth               of               tourism.
               Aspen
               Before               the               war,               this               weary               mining               town               of               about               500               souls               had               one               ski               trail,               the               Roch               Run,               (partly               serviced               by               an               archaic               chain-driven               lift)               and               one               hotel,               the               Jerome.
               During               the               war               soldiers               stationed               at               Camp               Hale               left               whenever               mortally               possible.

Some               took               the               train               to               Denver,               and               others               explored               the               western               slope.

Leadville,               a               still               functioning               mining               town,               was               only               six               miles               distant,               but               was               out               of               bounds               since               the               building               of               Camp               Hale               due               to               the               readily               available               prostitutes.

As               a               result,               many               soldiers               turned               towards               Aspen.

Sun               Valley               (and               Tenth)               ski               instructor               Friedl               Pfeifer               was               captivated               by               the               place.

After               a               cross-country               march               to               the               town               from               Camp               Hale               in               1943               he               said:               "Even               as               the               townspeople               cheered               our               arrival,               I               was               filled               more               with               the               beauty               of               Aspen               than               I               was               proud               of               our               accomplishment.

The               mountain               peaks               looming               over               the               town               made               me               feel               like               I               was               returning               to               St.

Anton."[37]
               Returning               to               Aspen               after               the               war,               Pfeifer               had               grandiose               plans,               and               eventually               enlisted               Chicago               industrialist               Walter               Paepcke               to               help               fund               the               initial               expansion               of               Aspen.

It               is               hard               to               imagine               the               immense               difficulty               it               takes               to               expand               a               ski               area               today,               but               just               post-war               the               government               required               little               from               organizations               that               wanted               to               use               federal               land.

The               Forest               Service               was               small               at               the               time               and               generally               supportive               of               ski               area               development               within               reason.

"Aspen's               ranger               saw               Pfeifer               at               work               on               the               mountain               one               day;               they               talked;               and               the               ranger               got               him               a               Forest               Service               permit               to               build               lifts               on               the               White               River               National               Forest               the               next               day".[38]               The               first               major               project               was               the               (then)               world's               longest               chairlift.

It               was               nearly               three               miles               long               and               rose               almost               3000               vertical               feet.

A               little               more               than               a               year               after               Pfeifer's               return,               not               even               a               year               and               a               half               after               the               war,               Aspen               was               being               hailed               by               the               New               York               Times               as               "the               winter               sports               center               of               America".[39]
               "As               with               other               ski               areas               and               ski               towns,               Aspen               joined               the               ski               industry               when               ski               enthusiasts               teamed               up               with               willing               investors               to               build               a               ski               area               that               would               attract               destination               skiers               (those               staying               for               a               week               or               more)               as               well               as               local               skiers               and               competitors."[40]               The               resultant               Aspen               Ski               Corporation               forged               a               powerful               role               for               the               former               members               of               the               10th               Mountain               Division.

They               became               the               initial               arbiters               of               what               became               "resort               skiing"               in               America.
               Tenth               veteran               Dick               Durrance               came               to               Aspen               in               October               of               1947               to               replace               Frank               Ashley               as               general               manager               for               the               Aspen               Skiing               Corporation.

Durrance               had               been               a               star               racer               for               Dartmouth               College               and               competed               in               the               1936               Olympics,               worked               for               Averill               Harriman               (the               founder               of               Sun               Valley),               helped               to               develop               the               ski               area               at               Alta,               Utah,               and               after               the               war               he               had               a               job               designing               skis               for               Thor               Groswold               in               Denver.

Durrance's               job               was               to               manage               the               area,               try               to               improve               business,               and               attract               more               skiers               to               Aspen.
               His               efforts               included               making               Aspen               Mountain               more               skiable               for               the               average               vacationer,               and               most               notably               to               attract               the               1950               FIS               World               Championships               to               Aspen.

No               European               ski               championships               had               ever               been               held               in               the               United               States               before.

"The               early               1950's               thus               marked               a               significant               change               in               Aspen's               development--its               entrance               into               the               tourist               business               full-time,               year-round."[41]               The               vision               of               Aspen's               modern               cadre               of               dreamers               would               shape               the               ground-up               design               of               its               major               competitor               in               the               next               valley               north.
               Vail
               Pete               Seibert               grew               up               in               New               Hampshire               and               became               a               nationally               ranked               ski               racer               in               the               late               30's.

While               in               service               with               the               Tenth               in               Italy,               he               was               badly               wounded,               and               came               to               Colorado               to               recoup               his               health.

He               once               again               became               nationally               ranked,               with               no               left               kneecap.

After               working               at               Aspen               for               a               time               he               dreamed               of               founding               a               ski               area               himself.

Seibert               and               his               friend,               uranium               prospector               Earl               Eaton,               found               the               exact               spot               for               a               perfect               ski               area               in               Colorado's               Rocky               Mountains               in               1957,               and               in               order               to               keep               it               a               secret               created               a               fictitious               rod               and               gun               club               to               buy               the               550-acre               ranch               below               it               (at               $110               an               acre!)               that               became               out               of               nothing,               Vail               Village.[42]               The               Mountain               itself               was               ideally               situated               between               the               Gore               and               Sawatch               mountain               ranges,               about               a               three               hour               drive               west               of               Denver.

After               much               wrangling,               the               Forest               Service               finally               allowed               construction               to               begin               in               1961.

Major               investors               could               now               be               found,               and               Vail               Associates,               Ltd.

was               born.
               Vail               opened               in               1962               with               Colorado's               first               gondola,               and               a               beautiful               pedestrian               village               patterned               on               the               little               alpine               towns               Pete               had               seen               during               the               war.[43]               Tenth               veterans               Bob               Parker               ran               the               marketing               and               Bill               "Sarge"               Brown               became               the               mountain               manager.

Unlike               Aspen,               Vail's               business               plan               from               the               start               was               to               break               even               on               operations               and               make               money               on               real               estate.

In               1963,               Colorado               obliged               by               passing               a               law               that               allowed               condominium               ownership               without               ownership               of               the               land.

This               fueled               the               boom               in               vacation               home-ownership               in               the               Valley               and               "a               condo               in               Vail               soon               became               a               national               status               symbol".[44]               The               Town               of               Vail               was               incorporated               in               1966               with               a               mayor               and               Town               Council.

By               1969               SKI               Magazine               would               call               Vail               one               of               the               "super-resorts               of               skiing".[45]               John               Jerome               of               Skiing               Magazine               summed               it               up               best               after               a               visit               in               1975:               "Vail               invented               fun               skiing.

It               is               so               distinctive               a               category               of               skiing               that               it               perhaps               should               be               designated               'Vail-type'               skiing.

But               the               interesting               thing               is               that               in               13               years               of               operation,               Vail               has               now               fed               so               many               people               into               the               sport               -               so               many               who               have               carried               Vail's               vision               on               into               the               wider               world               of               skiing,               so               many               from               the               Midwest               and               the               East               -               that               we've               come               to               identify               Vail's               product               with               the               entire               West...Everyone               who               has               started               a               ski               resort               in               the               last               30               years               has               always               talked               about               building               a               whole               new               town               around               the               skiing               facility,               but               Vail               is               the               only               one               that               pulled               it               off."[46]
               A               New               Outdoor               Institution
               Similar               stories               to               the               ones               above,               albeit               with               somewhat               less               press               attention,               were               happening               all               over               the               United               States.

The               rise               in               the               popularity               of               skiing               proved               to               be               an               excellent               example               of               the               power               of               Tenth               veterans               in               shaping               sport               in               America.

That               America               needed               such               a               sport               after               the               war               is               perhaps               debatable,               but               with               Tenth               veterans               pushing               so               hard               for               their               vision               of               the               future               business               of               skiing,               the               "if               you               build               it               they               will               come"               philosophy               worked               better               than               anyone               could               have               possibly               predicted.

As               Vail               founder               Peter               Seibert               told               The               Denver               Post               in               1985:               "the               ski               industry               would               have               developed               without               us               but               probably               ten               years               later".[47]               By               the               1970's               the               economic               imprint               of               skiing               and               other               outdoor               activities               was               manifest.
               Before               the               war               there               were               at               most               a               few               hundred               rope               tows               on               generally               tiny               mom-and-pop               slopes.

"By               1970               there               were               over               seven               hundred               full-fledged               ski               areas               in               America,               most               with               chairlifts               and               base               lodges               and               trail               grooming               machines               descendant               from               the               10th's               machinery."[48]               Alpine               skiing               was               supporting               large               rural               populations               in               the               American               hinterland.

Remote               regions,               which               before               1950               could               have               done               without               skiing,               now               in               1970               could               no               longer               make               ends               meet               without               it.

Whenever               there               was               a               snow               drought,               sizable               lodging,               entertainment               and               recreation               businesses               simply               dried               up,               leaving               thousands               unemployed.

The               economic               power               of               skiing               was               in               evidence               everywhere               there               was               a               resort.

Skiing               had               come               of               age               in               the               1970's.
               "The               ski               regions               were               by               and               large               blessed               with               economic               prosperity               because               skiers               had               been               blessed               with               a               cornucopia               of               technological               advances               which               made               the               sport               attractive."[49]               Those               technological               advances               were               in               many               cases               influenced               by               Tenth               veterans.
               The               data               indicates               that               the               huge               boom               ended               soon               afterward,               as               the               energy               crisis               and               a               few               recessions               consolidated               the               ski               industry               into               larger               corporate               players.

Even               with               a               demographic               leveling               out               in               the               sport               of               alpine               skiing,               there               has               been               a               helpful               rise               in               snowboarding,               and               according               to               the               2002               Economic               Census               Industry               Series               Report               there               are               still               379               ski               areas               in               the               United               States               with               gross               receipts               of               $1,340,813,000,               payroll               of               $431,147,000               and               58,513               full-time               employees.

Concurrent               resort               real               estate               sales               are               unavailable,               but               they               certainly               dwarf               those               numbers.
               Morten               Lund               in               Ski               Heritage               wrote:               "The               men               of               the               10th               formed               a               small,               but               determined               self-elected               elite               that               constituted               a               brotherhood               in               sport."[50]               There               can               be               no               doubt               that               the               returning               soldiers               of               the               Tenth               did               a               great               deal               to               enhance               the               mystique               and               accessibility               of               outdoor               sports               for               a               highly               receptive               post-war               population.

The               Tenth's               legacy               is               leadership               by               example               and               creative               business               endeavors               that               popularized               a               little-known               sport               and               along               the               way               passed               along               an               abiding               passion               for               the               outdoors               to               future               generations.
               Postscript:               Other               Notable               Tenth               Veterans
               This               is               only               a               partial               list               of               the               men               of               the               10th               Mountain               Division               who               influenced               skiing               in               post-war               America:               
               Max               Dercum,               Larry               Jump,               Thor               Groswold,               and               Dick               Durrance               formed               Arapahoe               Basin               Inc.

CO.,               in               1946.


               Gordy               Wren-               managed               Loveland               Basin               and               then               Steamboat               Springs.


               Barney               McLean-               ran               Hot               Sulphur               Springs,               Co.


               Crosby               Perry-Smith               and               Pop               Sorenson               went               to               Winter               Park,               CO.


               Steve               Knowlton               and               Leon               Wilmott               started               Ski               Broadmoor,               CO.


               Gerry               Cunningham-               opened               Gerry's               Mountain               Sports,               in               Denver.


               Merrill               Hastings-               published               Skiing               Magazine               in               Denver.


               Monty               Atwater-               became               America's               premier               avalanche               expert.


               Fritz               Benedict-               influential               mountain               architect               who               founded               the               10th               Mountain               Division               Memorial               Hut               System               in               Colorado.


               Bil               Dunaway-               made               the               first               ski               descent               of               Mount               Blanc               in               France               on               skis,               then               settled               in               Aspen               Colorado,               becoming               editor               of               Skiing               Magazine.


               Toni               Matt-               world               famous               ski               racer               and               instructor.

First               to               go               straight               down               the               Headwall               at               Tuckerman's               Ravine               in               the               third               Inferno               race               held               in               1939.

(He               cut               the               old               time               in               half).


               David               Brower-               First               Executive               Director               of               the               Sierra               Club.

Re-focused               the               club               on               the               issue               of               preservation               and               made               it               into               the               world's               most               powerful               environmental               organization.

Nominated               three               times               for               the               Nobel               Peace               Prize.


               Ed               Link               and               Roe               Duke               Watson               are               credited               with               creating               Crystal               Mountain,               WA.


               Paul               Petzolt-               Brought               the               Outward               Bound               concept               to               the               U.S.

and               subsequently               founded               the               National               Outdoor               Leadership               School.


               Dick               Stillman-               30-year               career               in               the               Forest               Service,               established               and               maintained               the               High               Alpine               Avalanche               Research               Station               at               Berthoud               Pass,               Colorado               from               1950-63.


               Grant               Ford-               Director               of               the               National               Ski               Association               (now               USSA)               and               served               three               terms.

In               1957,               he               was               appointed               Secretary               of               the               National               Ski               Association's               Olympic               Ski               Games               Committee.


               Benjamin               Duke               Jr.-               Ben               was               elected               to               the               Board               of               Directors               of               Vail               Associates               in               1966               and               served               for               nearly               20               years.


               Paul               Duke-               managed               Breckinridge,               CO.

for               many               years.


               Clif               Taylor-               Taught               skiing               at               Aspen,               Aspen               Highlands,               Mad               River               Glen,               Loveland,               and               Winter               Park               .

Created               the               Graduated               Length               Method               of               ski               instruction.


               John               P.

Litchfield               -               Started               the               Aspen               Ski               School               where               he               became               Co-Director.

John               was               also               an               original               investor               in               the               Aspen               Ski               Company               as               well               as               the               original               owner               and               operator               of               the               famous               Red               Onion               Restaurant               in               Aspen.

Nelson               Bennett-               managed               White               Pass,               WA.


               Wilfred               "Slim"               Davis-devoted               40               years               to               the               US               Forest               Service.

He               was               an               early               innovator               of               ski               area               design,               slope               layout,               avalanche               control               and               ski               area               safety.


               Curt               Chase-               an               innovator:               in               1946,               he               organized,               trained               and               directed               the               Aspen               Ski               Patrol.


               Steve               Knowlton               -               a               member               of               the               US               Olympic               Ski               Team               (1948)               and               the               FIS               Ski               Team               (1950).

From               1963-73,               Steve               formed               Colorado               Ski               Country               USA               and               became               its               first               Director.


               Gordon               Wren-               directed               the               Loveland               Basin               ski               school               and               was               manager               of               Steamboat,               CO.


               Ralph               "Doc"               Des               Roches-               was               executive               director               of               Ski               Industries               of               America.


               Alf               Engen-               directed               the               ski               school               at               Alta,               UT.


               Luggi               Foeger-               directed               the               ski               school               at               Badger               Pass,               CA.


               Bill               Healy-               created               Mt.

Batchelor               OR.


               Nick               Hock-               associate               publisher               of               Ski               Magazine.


               Dev               Jennings-               executive               director               of               Ski               New               England.


               Dave               Judson-               founded               Otis               Ridge,               MA.


               Dick               May-               managed               Wildcat,               NH.


               Jack               Murphy-               founded               Sugarbush,               VT.


               Bob               Nordhaus-               created               Sandia               Peak,               NM.


               Bud               Phillips-               directed               the               ski               school               at               Mad               River               Glen,               VT.


               Percy               Rideout-               co-director               of               the               Aspen               Ski               School.


               Kerr               Sparks-               directed               the               ski               school               at               Stowe,               VT.


               Thad               Thorne-               managed               Attitash,               NH.


               Laverne               Trepp-               founded               Pine               Mountain,               MI.


               Jack               Tweedy-               V.P.

and               attorney               for               the               Vail               Corporation.[51]
               Notes
               [1]               Richard               W.

Moulton,               "Film's               Role               in               Popularizing               Alpine               Skiing               in               America".

in               Aspenglow               Ski               Mountaineering               History               Project               http://www.alpenglow.org/ski-history/notes/book/besser-1983.html               (Accessed               April               21,               2005)               190
               [2]               Matti               Goksoyr,               "Popular               Pastimes               or               Patriotic               Virtues?

The               Role               of               Sport               in               the               National               Celebrations               of               Nineteenth-century               Norway".

in               The               International               Journal               of               the               History               of               Sport.

(Vol.

5,               no.

2:               September,               1988)               230
               [3]               Ibid.,               241
               [4]               Morten               Lund,               "The               Historic               First               Four               Olympic               Games".

in               Skiing               Heritage:               A               Ski               History               Quarterly.

(Fourth               Issue,               2001:               Vol.

13               No.

4)               32
               
               [5]               Ibid.,               34
               [6]               Blake               Harrison,               "The               Technological               Turn:               Skiing               and               Landscape               Change               in               Vermont,               1930-1970".

In               Vermont               History               (71,               Summer/Fall               2003)               197-8
               
               [7]               Peter               Shelton,               Climb               to               Conquer:               The               Untold               Story               of               World               War               II's               10th               Mountain               Division               Ski               Troops.

(New               York,               NY:               Scribner,               2003)               16
               [8]               "When               Skiing               Was!",               in               Ski               Magazine,               (January,               1996)
               
               [9]               Shelton,               8
               [10]               C.

Minot               Dole,               Adventures               in               Skiing.

(New               York:               Franklin               Watts,               Inc.,               1965)               22
               
               [11]               Shelton,               13
               
               [12]               Flint               Whitlock,               "America's               Skiing               Soldiers".

in               Sundance               Resorts:               A               Series               of               Commissioned               Essays.

(Sundance,               UT:               Sundance               Press,               2003)               2
               [13]               Whitlock,               3
               
               [14]               Anne               Gilbert,               "Post               War               Aspen".

in               Aspen               Historical               Society:               Roaring               Fork               Research               Fellowship.

(May,               1995)               28
               [15]               Moulton,               2
               
               [16]               Shelton,               50
               
               [17]               Rene               L.

Coquoz,               The               Invisible               Men               on               Skis:               The               Story               of               the               Construction               of               Camp               Hale               and               the               Occupation               by               the               10th               Mountain               Division               1942-1945.

(Boulder,               CO:,               Johnson,               1970)               15
               
               [18]               Gilbert,               30
               [19]               Robert               B.

Ellis,               See               Naples               and               Die:               A               Ski               Trooper's               World               War               II               Memoir.

(Jefferson,               NC:               McFarland               &               Co.,               1996)               49
               [20]               Shelton,               87
               
               [21]               Ibid.,               38
               [22]               Hal               Burton,               The               Ski               Troops.

(New               York,               NY:               Simon               and               Schuster,               1971)               79
               
               [23]               Shelton,               89
               
               [24]               Peter               W.

Seibert,               Vail:               Triumph               of               a               Dream.

(Boulder,               CO:,               Mountain               Sports               Press,               1st               edition,               2000)               52
               [25]               William               Johnson,               "Phantoms               of               the               Snow".

in               Sports               Illustrated.

(February               8,               1971).
               [26]               Harris               Dusenbery,               The               North               Apennines               and               Beyond,               with               the               10th               Mountain               Division.

(Portland,               ME:               Binford               &               Mort               Publishing               Co.,               1998)               xv
               
               [27]               Ellis,               140               -               Ellis               cites               Paul               Fussel's               article:               "The               Real               War               1939               -               1945.

in               Atlantic               Monthly.

(August               1989)
               
               [28]               Earl               E.

Clark,               "How               It               All               Began".

in               Tenth               Mountain               Division               Association               Inc.

Web               Site.

http://10thmtndivassoc.org/               (Accessed               April/May               2005)               1
               
               [29]               Siebert,               26;               see               also               Shelton,               220               for               a               discussion               of               the               event.
               [30]               Gilbert,               27
               
               [31]               John               Henry               Auran,               (ed.)               America's               Ski               Book.

(New               York:               NY:,               Charles               Scribner's               Sons,               1966)               46
               [32]               Auran,               47;               See               also               Shelton,               233               for               additional               support               for               this               argument.
               
               [33]               Burton,               188
               
               [34]               Seibert,               55
               
               [35]               Morten               Lund,               "Skiing               in               America".

in               Snow               Country               Magazine.

(New               York               Times               Company               Pub.

September,               1998)
               [36]               "The               Tenth               Mountain               Division               Veterans               Impact               the               Ski               Industry".

in               the               Denver               Post               (January               9,               1949)
               [37]               Gilbert,               28
               
               [38]               Gilbert,               29
               
               [39]               Shelton,               229
               
               [40]               Gilbert,               30
               
               [41]               Gilbert,               32
               [42]               Seibert,               84
               
               [43]               Shelton,               231
               
               [44]               Seibert,               111
               
               [45]               Ibid.,               110
               
               [46]               John               Jerome,               "Visiting               Vail".

in               Skiing               Magazine,               (Nov.

1976)
               
               [47]               Shelton,               229
               
               [48]               Ibid.,               229
               
               [49]               Lund,               "Skiing               in               America"               23
               [50]               Morten               Lund,               "A               Short               History               of               Alpine               Skiing".

in               Skiing               Heritage:               a               Ski               History               Quarterly.

(Vol.

8               no.

1:               Winter               1995)               39
               [51]               There               are               many               sources               for               10th               veterans               who               influenced               post-war               sport.

A               number               are               on               the               Internet.

See               also               Shelton,               33-50;               Burton,               187;               Gilbert,               30;               and               Seibert,               55.






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